Qualified, specialist

Antimicrobial agents either kill (bactericidal) or inhibit (bacteriostatic) the growth of a microorganism by targeting specific unique bacterial sites or metabolic pathways. Common antibiotic adverse effects and toxicities include allergic reactions, numerous possible toxicities, alteration of human flora, drug interactions, and promoting of antibiotic resistance. Presumptive and empirical therapy relies on the clinical syndrome and anatomical site of infection. Factors to consider when choosing empirical therapy include identification of the organism, the estimated benefit to the patient, the probable susceptibility of the isolated (or suspected) pathogen based on laboratory results or local epidemiological parameters, and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic considerations. Host factors, including age, immune deficiency status, and other underlying conditions, should always be considered when choosing an antibiotic. There are few absolute indications for the prophylactic use of antimicrobials, and this is one area where misuse is common. The susceptibility of common pathogens is often predictable, allowing adequate empirical treatment. The main driver for the development of antibiotic resistance is the inappropriate use of antibiotics. Bacteria may be naturally resistant or may acquire resistance by means of DNA mutation or acquisition of resistance-conferring DNA from another source (e.g. plasmids). Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance include chemical modification of antibiotics, reduced uptake into cells, active efflux from cells, target site modification, overproduction of antibiotic target, and metabolic bypass of inhibited reaction. Control of resistance may be achieved through adherence to prescribing guidelines, restriction policies that reduce the use of certain antibiotics, and antimicrobial stewardship programmes.Less

This new edition covers all areas associated with treating acute or chronic respiratory problems in children. It discusses the approach to clinical problems, specific conditions, supportive care and practical procedures, and includes vital appendices covering specific tests and statistics. Designed as a practical guide, it serves general and specialist paediatricians at both consultant and trainee level. Divided into five parts, it provides a practical approach to acute and non-acute clinical problems;, detailed information about common and more rare clinical conditions, useful information on supportive care, including the use of non-invasive ventilation and the care of a child with a tracheotomy; and details on how to perform several practical procedures, such as ciliary brush biopsy, flexible bronchoscopy, and inserting a chest drain. The appendices provide information on lung function testing and tables of age-corrected normal values for several respiratory parameters.Less